.. _hollow-rectangular-prism: hollow_rectangular_prism ======================================================= Hollow rectangular parallelepiped with uniform scattering length density. =========== ============================================== ============ ============= Parameter Description Units Default value =========== ============================================== ============ ============= scale Scale factor or Volume fraction None 1 background Source background |cm^-1| 0.001 sld Parallelepiped scattering length density |1e-6Ang^-2| 6.3 sld_solvent Solvent scattering length density |1e-6Ang^-2| 1 length_a Shortest, external, size of the parallelepiped |Ang| 35 b2a_ratio Ratio sides b/a |Ang| 1 c2a_ratio Ratio sides c/a |Ang| 1 thickness Thickness of parallelepiped |Ang| 1 theta c axis to beam angle degree 0 phi rotation about beam degree 0 psi rotation about c axis degree 0 =========== ============================================== ============ ============= The returned value is scaled to units of |cm^-1| |sr^-1|, absolute scale. **Definition** This model provides the form factor, $P(q)$, for a hollow rectangular parallelepiped with a wall of thickness $\Delta$. The 1D scattering intensity for this model is calculated by forming the difference of the amplitudes of two massive parallelepipeds differing in their outermost dimensions in each direction by the same length increment $2\Delta$ (\ [#Nayuk2012]_ Nayuk, 2012). As in the case of the massive parallelepiped model (:ref:`rectangular-prism`), the scattering amplitude is computed for a particular orientation of the parallelepiped with respect to the scattering vector and then averaged over all possible orientations, giving .. math:: P(q) = \frac{1}{V^2} \frac{2}{\pi} \times \, \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \, \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} A_{P\Delta}^2(q) \, \sin\theta \, d\theta \, d\phi where $\theta$ is the angle between the $z$ axis and the $C$ axis of the parallelepiped, $\phi$ is the angle between the scattering vector (lying in the $xy$ plane) and the $y$ axis, and .. math:: :nowrap: \begin{align*} A_{P\Delta}(q) & = A B C \left[\frac{\sin \bigl( q \frac{C}{2} \cos\theta \bigr)} {\left( q \frac{C}{2} \cos\theta \right)} \right] \left[\frac{\sin \bigl( q \frac{A}{2} \sin\theta \sin\phi \bigr)} {\left( q \frac{A}{2} \sin\theta \sin\phi \right)}\right] \left[\frac{\sin \bigl( q \frac{B}{2} \sin\theta \cos\phi \bigr)} {\left( q \frac{B}{2} \sin\theta \cos\phi \right)}\right] \\ & {} - A' B' C' \left[ \frac{\sin \bigl[ q \frac{C'}{2} \cos\theta \bigr]} {q \frac{C'}{2} \cos\theta} \right] \left[ \frac{\sin \bigl[ q \frac{A'}{2} \sin\theta \sin\phi \bigr]} {q \frac{A'}{2} \sin\theta \sin\phi} \right] \left[ \frac{\sin \bigl[ q \frac{B'}{2} \sin\theta \cos\phi \bigr]} {q \frac{B'}{2} \sin\theta \cos\phi} \right] \end{align*} $A'$, $B'$, $C'$ are the inner dimensions and $A = A' + 2\Delta$, $B = B' + 2\Delta$, $C = C' + 2\Delta$ are the outer dimensions of the parallelepiped shell, giving a shell volume of $V = ABC - A'B'C'$. The 1D scattering intensity is then calculated as .. math:: I(q) = \text{scale} \times V \times (\rho_\text{p} - \rho_\text{solvent})^2 \times P(q) + \text{background} where $\rho_\text{p}$ is the scattering length density of the parallelepiped, $\rho_\text{solvent}$ is the scattering length density of the solvent, and (if the data are in absolute units) *scale* represents the volume fraction (which is unitless) of the rectangular shell of material (i.e. not including the volume of the solvent filled core). For 2d data the orientation of the particle is required, described using angles $\theta$, $\phi$ and $\Psi$ as in the diagrams below, for further details of the calculation and angular dispersions see :ref:`orientation`. The angle $\Psi$ is the rotational angle around the long *C* axis. For example, $\Psi = 0$ when the *B* axis is parallel to the *x*-axis of the detector. For 2d, constraints must be applied during fitting to ensure that the inequality $A < B < C$ is not violated, and hence the correct definition of angles is preserved. The calculation will not report an error if the inequality is *not* preserved, but the results may be not correct. .. figure:: img/parallelepiped_angle_definition.png Definition of the angles for oriented hollow rectangular prism. Note that rotation $\theta$, initially in the $xz$ plane, is carried out first, then rotation $\phi$ about the $z$ axis, finally rotation $\Psi$ is now around the axis of the prism. The neutron or X-ray beam is along the $z$ axis. .. figure:: img/parallelepiped_angle_projection.png Examples of the angles for oriented hollow rectangular prisms against the detector plane. **Validation** Validation of the code was conducted by qualitatively comparing the output of the 1D model to the curves shown in (Nayuk, 2012). .. figure:: img/hollow_rectangular_prism_autogenfig.png 1D and 2D plots corresponding to the default parameters of the model. **Source** :download:`hollow_rectangular_prism.py ` $\ \star\ $ :download:`hollow_rectangular_prism.c ` $\ \star\ $ :download:`gauss76.c ` **References** See also Onsager [#Onsager1949]_. .. [#Nayuk2012] R Nayuk and K Huber, *Z. Phys. Chem.*, 226 (2012) 837-854 .. [#Onsager1949] L. Onsager, *Ann. New York Acad. Sci.*, 51 (1949) 627-659 **Authorship and Verification** * **Author:** Miguel Gonzales **Date:** February 26, 2016 * **Last Modified by:** Paul Kienzle **Date:** December 14, 2017 * **Last Reviewed by:** Paul Butler **Date:** September 06, 2018